CVE-2025-21991 (GCVE-0-2025-21991)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-02 12:53 – Updated: 2025-11-03 19:40
VLAI?
Title
x86/microcode/AMD: Fix out-of-bounds on systems with CPU-less NUMA nodes
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: x86/microcode/AMD: Fix out-of-bounds on systems with CPU-less NUMA nodes Currently, load_microcode_amd() iterates over all NUMA nodes, retrieves their CPU masks and unconditionally accesses per-CPU data for the first CPU of each mask. According to Documentation/admin-guide/mm/numaperf.rst: "Some memory may share the same node as a CPU, and others are provided as memory only nodes." Therefore, some node CPU masks may be empty and wouldn't have a "first CPU". On a machine with far memory (and therefore CPU-less NUMA nodes): - cpumask_of_node(nid) is 0 - cpumask_first(0) is CONFIG_NR_CPUS - cpu_data(CONFIG_NR_CPUS) accesses the cpu_info per-CPU array at an index that is 1 out of bounds This does not have any security implications since flashing microcode is a privileged operation but I believe this has reliability implications by potentially corrupting memory while flashing a microcode update. When booting with CONFIG_UBSAN_BOUNDS=y on an AMD machine that flashes a microcode update. I get the following splat: UBSAN: array-index-out-of-bounds in arch/x86/kernel/cpu/microcode/amd.c:X:Y index 512 is out of range for type 'unsigned long[512]' [...] Call Trace: dump_stack __ubsan_handle_out_of_bounds load_microcode_amd request_microcode_amd reload_store kernfs_fop_write_iter vfs_write ksys_write do_syscall_64 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe Change the loop to go over only NUMA nodes which have CPUs before determining whether the first CPU on the respective node needs microcode update. [ bp: Massage commit message, fix typo. ]
CWE
  • CWE-129 - Improper Validation of Array Index
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Linux Linux Affected: 979e197968a1e8f09bf0d706801dba4432f85ab3 , < d509c4731090ebd9bbdb72c70a2d70003ae81f4f (git)
Affected: 44a44b57e88f311c1415be1f567c50050913c149 , < 985a536e04bbfffb1770df43c6470f635a6b1073 (git)
Affected: be2710deaed3ab1402379a2ede30a3754fe6767a , < 18b5d857c6496b78ead2fd10001b81ae32d30cac (git)
Affected: d576547f489c935b9897d4acf8beee3325dea8a5 , < ec52240622c4d218d0240079b7c1d3ec2328a9f4 (git)
Affected: 7ff6edf4fef38ab404ee7861f257e28eaaeed35f , < e686349cc19e800dac8971929089ba5ff59abfb0 (git)
Affected: 7ff6edf4fef38ab404ee7861f257e28eaaeed35f , < 488ffc0cac38f203979f83634236ee53251ce593 (git)
Affected: 7ff6edf4fef38ab404ee7861f257e28eaaeed35f , < 5ac295dfccb5b015493f86694fa13a0dde4d3665 (git)
Affected: 7ff6edf4fef38ab404ee7861f257e28eaaeed35f , < e3e89178a9f4a80092578af3ff3c8478f9187d59 (git)
Affected: d6353e2fc12c5b8f00f86efa30ed73d2da2f77be (git)
Affected: 1b1e0eb1d2971a686b9f7bdc146115bcefcbb960 (git)
Affected: eaf5dea1eb8c2928554b3ca717575cbe232b843c (git)
Create a notification for this product.
    Linux Linux Affected: 6.3
Unaffected: 0 , < 6.3 (semver)
Unaffected: 5.4.292 , ≤ 5.4.* (semver)
Unaffected: 5.10.236 , ≤ 5.10.* (semver)
Unaffected: 5.15.180 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.1.132 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.6.84 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.12.20 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.13.8 , ≤ 6.13.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.14 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)
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Show details on NVD website

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\"6.3\", \"status\": \"unaffected\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"version\": \"5.4.292\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"5.4.*\", \"status\": \"unaffected\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"version\": \"5.10.236\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"5.10.*\", \"status\": \"unaffected\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"version\": \"5.15.180\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"5.15.*\", \"status\": \"unaffected\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"version\": \"6.1.132\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.1.*\", \"status\": \"unaffected\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"version\": \"6.6.84\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.6.*\", \"status\": \"unaffected\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"version\": \"6.12.20\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.12.*\", \"status\": \"unaffected\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"version\": \"6.13.8\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.13.*\", \"status\": \"unaffected\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"version\": \"6.14\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"*\", \"status\": \"unaffected\", \"versionType\": \"original_commit_for_fix\"}]}], \"cpeApplicability\": [{\"nodes\": [{\"operator\": \"OR\", \"negate\": false, \"cpeMatch\": [{\"vulnerable\": true, \"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"5.4.235\", \"versionEndExcluding\": \"5.4.292\"}, {\"vulnerable\": true, \"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"5.10.173\", \"versionEndExcluding\": \"5.10.236\"}, {\"vulnerable\": true, \"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"5.15.99\", \"versionEndExcluding\": \"5.15.180\"}, {\"vulnerable\": true, \"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"6.1.16\", \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.1.132\"}, {\"vulnerable\": true, \"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"6.3\", \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.6.84\"}, {\"vulnerable\": true, \"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"6.3\", \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.12.20\"}, {\"vulnerable\": true, \"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"6.3\", \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.13.8\"}, {\"vulnerable\": true, \"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"6.3\", \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.14\"}, {\"vulnerable\": true, \"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"4.14.308\"}, {\"vulnerable\": true, \"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"4.19.276\"}, {\"vulnerable\": true, \"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"6.2.3\"}]}]}], \"references\": [{\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d509c4731090ebd9bbdb72c70a2d70003ae81f4f\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/985a536e04bbfffb1770df43c6470f635a6b1073\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/18b5d857c6496b78ead2fd10001b81ae32d30cac\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ec52240622c4d218d0240079b7c1d3ec2328a9f4\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e686349cc19e800dac8971929089ba5ff59abfb0\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/488ffc0cac38f203979f83634236ee53251ce593\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5ac295dfccb5b015493f86694fa13a0dde4d3665\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e3e89178a9f4a80092578af3ff3c8478f9187d59\"}], \"title\": \"x86/microcode/AMD: Fix out-of-bounds on systems with CPU-less NUMA nodes\", \"x_generator\": {\"engine\": \"bippy-1.2.0\"}}, \"adp\": [{\"title\": \"CISA ADP Vulnrichment\", \"metrics\": [{\"cvssV3_1\": {\"scope\": \"UNCHANGED\", \"version\": \"3.1\", \"baseScore\": 7.8, \"attackVector\": \"LOCAL\", \"baseSeverity\": \"HIGH\", \"vectorString\": \"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\", \"integrityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"userInteraction\": \"NONE\", \"attackComplexity\": \"LOW\", \"availabilityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"privilegesRequired\": \"LOW\", \"confidentialityImpact\": \"HIGH\"}}, {\"other\": {\"type\": \"ssvc\", \"content\": {\"id\": \"CVE-2025-21991\", \"role\": \"CISA Coordinator\", \"options\": [{\"Exploitation\": \"none\"}, {\"Automatable\": \"no\"}, {\"Technical Impact\": \"total\"}], \"version\": \"2.0.3\", \"timestamp\": \"2025-10-01T17:13:39.419226Z\"}}}], \"problemTypes\": [{\"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"type\": \"CWE\", \"cweId\": \"CWE-129\", \"description\": \"CWE-129 Improper Validation of Array Index\"}]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0\", \"shortName\": \"CISA-ADP\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2025-10-01T14:39:04.408Z\"}}]}",
      "cveMetadata": "{\"cveId\": \"CVE-2025-21991\", \"assignerOrgId\": \"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\", \"state\": \"PUBLISHED\", \"assignerShortName\": \"Linux\", \"dateReserved\": \"2024-12-29T08:45:45.800Z\", \"datePublished\": \"2025-04-02T12:53:14.230Z\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2025-10-01T17:13:42.269Z\"}",
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.1"
    }
  }
}


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Sightings

Author Source Type Date

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.


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Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.

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