Vulnerability-Lookup

CVE-2026-27120 (GCVE-0-2026-27120)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-20 21:27 – Updated: 2026-02-24 18:41

Title

Leaf-kit html escaping does not work on characters that are part of extended grapheme cluster

Summary

Leafkit is a templating language with Swift-inspired syntax. Prior to 1.4.1, htmlEscaped in leaf-kit will only escape html special characters if the extended grapheme clusters match, which allows bypassing escaping by using an extended grapheme cluster containing both the special html character and some additional characters. In the case of html attributes, this can lead to XSS if there is a leaf variable in the attribute that is user controlled. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.4.1.

Severity ?

6.1 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N

CWE

CWE-75 - Failure to Sanitize Special Elements into a Different Plane (Special Element Injection)
CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
CWE-87 - Improper Neutralization of Alternate XSS Syntax

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

URL

Tags

	https://github.com/vapor/leaf-kit/security/adviso…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
	https://github.com/vapor/leaf-kit/commit/8919e394…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version
	vapor	leaf-kit	Affected: < 1.4.1

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-27120",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "poc"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-02-24T18:40:50.919491Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-02-24T18:41:10.070Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "product": "leaf-kit",
          "vendor": "vapor",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003c 1.4.1"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "Leafkit is a templating language with Swift-inspired syntax. Prior to 1.4.1, htmlEscaped in leaf-kit will only escape html special characters if the extended grapheme clusters match, which allows bypassing escaping by using an extended grapheme cluster containing both the special html character and some additional characters. In the case of html attributes, this can lead to XSS if there is a leaf variable in the attribute that is user controlled. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.4.1."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "baseScore": 6.1,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "confidentialityImpact": "LOW",
            "integrityImpact": "LOW",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "scope": "CHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "REQUIRED",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
            "version": "3.1"
          }
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-75",
              "description": "CWE-75: Failure to Sanitize Special Elements into a Different Plane (Special Element Injection)",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-79",
              "description": "CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (\u0027Cross-site Scripting\u0027)",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-87",
              "description": "CWE-87: Improper Neutralization of Alternate XSS Syntax",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-02-20T21:27:09.642Z",
        "orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
        "shortName": "GitHub_M"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/vapor/leaf-kit/security/advisories/GHSA-4hfh-fch3-5q7p",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_CONFIRM"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/vapor/leaf-kit/security/advisories/GHSA-4hfh-fch3-5q7p"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/vapor/leaf-kit/commit/8919e39476c3a4ba05c28b71546bb9195f87ef34",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/vapor/leaf-kit/commit/8919e39476c3a4ba05c28b71546bb9195f87ef34"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "advisory": "GHSA-4hfh-fch3-5q7p",
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "Leaf-kit html escaping does not work on characters that are part of extended grapheme cluster"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
    "assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-27120",
    "datePublished": "2026-02-20T21:27:09.642Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-02-17T18:42:27.043Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-02-24T18:41:10.070Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2",
  "vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
    "vulnrichment": {
      "containers": "{\"cna\": {\"title\": \"Leaf-kit html escaping does not work on characters that are part of extended grapheme cluster\", \"problemTypes\": [{\"descriptions\": [{\"cweId\": \"CWE-75\", \"lang\": \"en\", \"description\": \"CWE-75: Failure to Sanitize Special Elements into a Different Plane (Special Element Injection)\", \"type\": \"CWE\"}]}, {\"descriptions\": [{\"cweId\": \"CWE-79\", \"lang\": \"en\", \"description\": \"CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (\u0027Cross-site Scripting\u0027)\", \"type\": \"CWE\"}]}, {\"descriptions\": [{\"cweId\": \"CWE-87\", \"lang\": \"en\", \"description\": \"CWE-87: Improper Neutralization of Alternate XSS Syntax\", \"type\": \"CWE\"}]}], \"metrics\": [{\"cvssV3_1\": {\"attackComplexity\": \"LOW\", \"attackVector\": \"NETWORK\", \"availabilityImpact\": \"NONE\", \"baseScore\": 6.1, \"baseSeverity\": \"MEDIUM\", \"confidentialityImpact\": \"LOW\", \"integrityImpact\": \"LOW\", \"privilegesRequired\": \"NONE\", \"scope\": \"CHANGED\", \"userInteraction\": \"REQUIRED\", \"vectorString\": \"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N\", \"version\": \"3.1\"}}], \"references\": [{\"name\": \"https://github.com/vapor/leaf-kit/security/advisories/GHSA-4hfh-fch3-5q7p\", \"tags\": [\"x_refsource_CONFIRM\"], \"url\": \"https://github.com/vapor/leaf-kit/security/advisories/GHSA-4hfh-fch3-5q7p\"}, {\"name\": \"https://github.com/vapor/leaf-kit/commit/8919e39476c3a4ba05c28b71546bb9195f87ef34\", \"tags\": [\"x_refsource_MISC\"], \"url\": \"https://github.com/vapor/leaf-kit/commit/8919e39476c3a4ba05c28b71546bb9195f87ef34\"}], \"affected\": [{\"vendor\": \"vapor\", \"product\": \"leaf-kit\", \"versions\": [{\"version\": \"\u003c 1.4.1\", \"status\": \"affected\"}]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa\", \"shortName\": \"GitHub_M\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-02-20T21:27:09.642Z\"}, \"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"Leafkit is a templating language with Swift-inspired syntax. Prior to 1.4.1, htmlEscaped in leaf-kit will only escape html special characters if the extended grapheme clusters match, which allows bypassing escaping by using an extended grapheme cluster containing both the special html character and some additional characters. In the case of html attributes, this can lead to XSS if there is a leaf variable in the attribute that is user controlled. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.4.1.\"}], \"source\": {\"advisory\": \"GHSA-4hfh-fch3-5q7p\", \"discovery\": \"UNKNOWN\"}}, \"adp\": [{\"title\": \"CISA ADP Vulnrichment\", \"metrics\": [{\"other\": {\"type\": \"ssvc\", \"content\": {\"id\": \"CVE-2026-27120\", \"role\": \"CISA Coordinator\", \"options\": [{\"Exploitation\": \"poc\"}, {\"Automatable\": \"no\"}, {\"Technical Impact\": \"partial\"}], \"version\": \"2.0.3\", \"timestamp\": \"2026-02-24T18:40:50.919491Z\"}}}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0\", \"shortName\": \"CISA-ADP\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-02-24T18:41:01.691Z\"}}]}",
      "cveMetadata": "{\"cveId\": \"CVE-2026-27120\", \"assignerOrgId\": \"a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa\", \"state\": \"PUBLISHED\", \"assignerShortName\": \"GitHub_M\", \"dateReserved\": \"2026-02-17T18:42:27.043Z\", \"datePublished\": \"2026-02-20T21:27:09.642Z\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-02-24T18:41:10.070Z\"}",
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.2"
    }
  }
}

GHSA-4HFH-FCH3-5Q7P

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-19 19:40 – Updated: 2026-02-23 22:21

Summary

Leaf-kit html escaping does not work on characters that are part of extended grapheme cluster

Details

Summary

htmlEscaped in leaf-kit will only escape html special characters if the extended grapheme clusters match, which allows bypassing escaping by using an extended grapheme cluster containing both the special html character and some additional characters. In the case of html attributes, this can lead to XSS if there is a leaf variable in the attribute that is user controlled.

Details

Relevant code: https://github.com/vapor/leaf-kit/blob/main/Sources/LeafKit/String%2BHTMLEscape.swift#L14

Strings in Swift are based on extended grapheme clusters. HTML on the other hand is based on unicode characters.

For example if you have the sequence "́ (U+0022 Quotation mark followed by U+0301 Combining Acute Accent). To HTML this is just a quote mark followed by some other random character. To swift this is one extended grapheme cluster that does not equal a quotation mark by itself which is a different extended grapheme cluster.

Thus "\"́".replacingOccurrences(of: "\"", with: """) does not replace the quote mark. This allows you to break out of html attributes.

I believe replacingOccurences takes an optional third parameter that allows you to specify options to make it work on UTF-8 characters instead of grapheme clusters, which would be a good fix for this issue.

I see depending on version, leafkit might use replacing instead of replacingOccurences. I don't know swift that well and couldn't find docs on what replacing does, so I don't know if both versions of the function are affected. The version of swift i was testing on I believe was using replacingOccurences

It seems like replacingOccurences will skip past prefix characters of extended grapheme clusters, which is what would be needed in order to meaningfully bypass esaping of <. Thus i think this is mostly limited to attributes and not general text.

PoC

An example vapor application that is vulnerable might look like

routes.swift

import Vapor

struct Hello: Content {
    var msg: String?
}

func routes(_ app: Application) throws {
    app.post { req throws in
    let Hello = try req.content.decode(Hello.self)
        return req.view.render("hello", [
            "msg": Hello.msg ?? "Hello World!"
        ])
    }
}

With a hello.leaf that looks like

<div title="#(msg)">Hover to see message</div>

And then you POST something like msg=%22%cc%81=1%20autofocus%20tabindex=0%20onfocus=alert(1)%20

Impact

If a website uses leaf to escape an attribute value based on user input, the attacker may be able to insert a malicious attribute. If a site is not using a secure CSP policy, then this can be used to execute malicious javascript (XSS). Impact is context dependent if a site is using a secure CSP policy.

Severity ?

6.1 (Medium)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N

Show details on source website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "SwiftURL",
        "name": "leaf-kit"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.4.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-27120"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-75",
      "CWE-79",
      "CWE-87"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-19T19:40:08Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-20T22:16:29Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\n`htmlEscaped` in leaf-kit will only escape html  special characters if the extended grapheme clusters match, which allows bypassing escaping by using an extended grapheme cluster containing both the special html character and some additional characters. In the case of html attributes, this can lead to XSS if there is a leaf variable in the attribute that is user controlled.\n\n### Details\n\nRelevant code:\nhttps://github.com/vapor/leaf-kit/blob/main/Sources/LeafKit/String%2BHTMLEscape.swift#L14\n\nStrings in Swift are based on extended grapheme clusters. HTML on the other hand is based on unicode characters. \n\nFor example if you have the sequence \"\u0301  (U+0022 Quotation mark followed by U+0301 Combining Acute Accent). To HTML this is just a quote mark followed by some other random character. To swift this is one extended grapheme cluster that does not equal a quotation mark by itself which is a different extended grapheme cluster.\n\nThus `\"\\\"\u0301\".replacingOccurrences(of: \"\\\"\", with: \"\u0026quot;\")` does not replace the quote mark. This allows you to break out of html attributes.\n\nI believe replacingOccurences takes an optional third parameter that allows you to specify options to make it work on UTF-8 characters instead of grapheme clusters, which would be a good fix for this issue.\n\nI see depending on version, leafkit might use `replacing` instead of `replacingOccurences`. I don\u0027t know swift that well and couldn\u0027t find docs on what replacing does, so I don\u0027t know if both versions of the function are affected. The version of swift i was testing on I believe was using replacingOccurences\n\nIt seems like replacingOccurences will skip past prefix characters of extended grapheme clusters, which is what would be needed in order to meaningfully bypass esaping of \u003c. Thus i think this is mostly limited to attributes and not general text.\n\n### PoC\n\nAn example vapor application that is vulnerable might look like\n\nroutes.swift\n```swift\nimport Vapor\n\nstruct Hello: Content {\n    var msg: String?\n}\n\nfunc routes(_ app: Application) throws {\n    app.post { req throws in\n\tlet Hello = try req.content.decode(Hello.self)\n        return req.view.render(\"hello\", [\n            \"msg\": Hello.msg ?? \"Hello World!\"\n        ])\n    }\n}\n```\n\nWith a hello.leaf that looks like\n```\n\u003cdiv title=\"#(msg)\"\u003eHover to see message\u003c/div\u003e\n```\n\nAnd then you POST something like `msg=%22%cc%81=1%20autofocus%20tabindex=0%20onfocus=alert(1)%20`\n\n### Impact\nIf a website uses leaf to escape an attribute value based on user input, the attacker may be able to insert a malicious attribute. If a site is not using a secure CSP policy, then this can be used to execute malicious javascript (XSS). Impact is context dependent if a site is using a secure CSP policy.",
  "id": "GHSA-4hfh-fch3-5q7p",
  "modified": "2026-02-23T22:21:47Z",
  "published": "2026-02-19T19:40:08Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/vapor/leaf-kit/security/advisories/GHSA-4hfh-fch3-5q7p"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-27120"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/vapor/leaf-kit/commit/8919e39476c3a4ba05c28b71546bb9195f87ef34"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/vapor/leaf-kit"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Leaf-kit html escaping does not work on characters that are part of extended grapheme cluster"
}

FKIE_CVE-2026-27120

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2026-02-20 22:16 - Updated: 2026-02-23 18:14

Severity ?

6.1 (Medium) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N

Summary

References

	URL	Tags
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/vapor/leaf-kit/commit/8919e39476c3a4ba05c28b71546bb9195f87ef34
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/vapor/leaf-kit/security/advisories/GHSA-4hfh-fch3-5q7p

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "cveTags": [],
  "descriptions": [
    {
      "lang": "en",
      "value": "Leafkit is a templating language with Swift-inspired syntax. Prior to 1.4.1, htmlEscaped in leaf-kit will only escape html special characters if the extended grapheme clusters match, which allows bypassing escaping by using an extended grapheme cluster containing both the special html character and some additional characters. In the case of html attributes, this can lead to XSS if there is a leaf variable in the attribute that is user controlled. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.4.1."
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2026-27120",
  "lastModified": "2026-02-23T18:14:13.887",
  "metrics": {
    "cvssMetricV31": [
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackVector": "NETWORK",
          "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
          "baseScore": 6.1,
          "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
          "confidentialityImpact": "LOW",
          "integrityImpact": "LOW",
          "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
          "scope": "CHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "REQUIRED",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
          "version": "3.1"
        },
        "exploitabilityScore": 2.8,
        "impactScore": 2.7,
        "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ]
  },
  "published": "2026-02-20T22:16:29.830",
  "references": [
    {
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "url": "https://github.com/vapor/leaf-kit/commit/8919e39476c3a4ba05c28b71546bb9195f87ef34"
    },
    {
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "url": "https://github.com/vapor/leaf-kit/security/advisories/GHSA-4hfh-fch3-5q7p"
    }
  ],
  "sourceIdentifier": "security-advisories@github.com",
  "vulnStatus": "Awaiting Analysis",
  "weaknesses": [
    {
      "description": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-75"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-79"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-87"
        }
      ],
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "type": "Primary"
    }
  ]
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.

Action not permitted

CVE-2026-27120 (GCVE-0-2026-27120)

GHSA-4HFH-FCH3-5Q7P

Summary

Details

PoC

Impact

FKIE_CVE-2026-27120

Tags

Sightings

Nomenclature